Abnormal laboratory studies (e.g., elevated blood urea nitrogen [BUN] and serum
creatinine, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate, or abnormal serum electrolyte
values)
n Asymptomatic urinary abnormalities (e.g., gross or microscopic hematuria, proteinuria,
microalbuminuria)
n Changes in urinary frequency or problems with urination (e.g., polyuria, nocturia, urgency)
n New-onset hypertension
n Worsening edema in dependent areas
n Nonspecific symptomatologies (e.g., nausea, vomiting, malaise)
n At times symptoms can be specific (e.g., ipsilateral flank pain in those with obstructing
nephrolithiasis)
n Incidental discovery of anatomic renal abnormalities on routine imaging studies
(e.g., horseshoe kidney, congenitally absent or ptotic kidney, asymmetric kidneys,
angiomyolipoma, renal mass, polycystic kidneys)
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